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Archive-name: computer-lang/Objective-C/faq
Posting-Frequency: monthly
Frequently Asked Questions - comp.lang.objective-c
compiled by David Stes (stes@pandora.be)
February 28 2003
Contents
* Contents
* 1. About this FAQ
+ 1.1 Where can I find the latest version of the FAQ ?
* 2. Objective-C Compiler Commands
+ 2.1 What's the file suffix for Objective-C source ?
+ 2.2 How do I compile .m files with the Stepstone compiler ?
+ 2.3 How do I compile .m files with the Apple compiler ?
+ 2.4 How do I compile .m files with the GNU C compiler ?
+ 2.5 How do I compile .m files with the POC ?
* 3. Objective-C preprocessor issues
+ 3.1 What's the syntax for comments ?
+ 3.2 How do I include the root class ?
+ 3.3 What is #import ?
+ 3.4 Why am I lectured about using #import ?
* 4. Object datatype (id)
+ 4.1 What is id ?
+ 4.2 What is the difference between self and super ?
+ 4.3 What is @defs() ?
* 5. Message selectors (SEL)
+ 5.1 What is a SEL ?
+ 5.2 What is perform: doing ?
+ 5.3 How do I know the SEL of a given method ?
* 6. Implementation pointers (IMP)
+ 6.1 What is an IMP ?
+ 6.2 How do I get an IMP given a SEL ?
+ 6.3 How do I send a message given an IMP ?
+ 6.4 How can I use IMP for methods returning double ?
+ 6.5 Can I use perform: for a message returning double ?
* 7. Copying objects
+ 7.1 What's the difference between copy and deepCopy ?
* 8. Objective-C and C++
+ 8.1 How can I link a C++ library into an Objective-C program
?
* 9. Messages
+ 9.1 How do I make a static method ?
+ 9.2 How do I prevent an object from sending a given message ?
+ 9.3 Do I have to recompile everything if I change the
implementation of a method ?
* 10. Instance and Class Variables
+ 10.1 Do I have to recompile everything if I change instance
variables of a class ?
* 11. Objective-C and X-Windows
+ 11.1 How do I include X Intrinsics headers into an
Objective-C file ?
* 12. Stepstone Specific Questions
+ 12.1 How do I allocate an object on the stack ?
* 13. GNU Objective-C Specific Questions
+ 13.1 Why do I get a 'floating point exception' ?
* 14. Apple Objective-C Specific Questions
+ 14.1 What's the class of a constant string ?
+ 14.2 How can I link a C++ library into an Objective-C program
?
* 15. Portable Object Compiler Objective-C Specific Questions
+ 15.1 What's the syntax for class variables ?
+ 15.2 How do I forward messages ?
+ 15.3 How can I link a C++ library into an Objective-C program
?
* 16. Books and further reading
+ 16.1 Object-Oriented Programming : An Evolutionary Approach,
2nd Ed.
+ 16.2 An Introduction To Object-Oriented Programming, 2nd Ed.
+ 16.3 Objective-C : Object-Oriented Programming Techniques
+ 16.4 Applications of Object-Oriented Programming; C++
SmallTalk Actor Objective-C Object PASCAL
1. About this FAQ
1.1 Where can I find the latest version of the FAQ ?
It's posted once a month to comp.lang.objective-c, comp.answers and
news.answers. It is archived at
ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/faqs/computer-lang/Objective-C/faq.
2. Objective-C Compiler Commands
2.1 What's the file suffix for Objective-C source ?
It's .m for implementation files, and .h for header files. Objective-C
compilers usually also accept .c as a suffix, but compile those files
in plain C mode.
2.2 How do I compile .m files with the Stepstone compiler ?
objcc -c class.m
objcc -o class class.o
See http://www.stepstn.com for more information.
2.3 How do I compile .m files with the Apple compiler ?
cc -c class.m
cc -o class class.o
See http://www.apple.com for more information.
2.4 How do I compile .m files with the GNU C compiler ?
gcc -c class.m
gcc -o class class.o -lobjc -lpthread
See http://www.gnu.org for more information.
2.5 How do I compile .m files with the POC ?
objc -c class.m
objc -o class class.o
See http://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/devel/lang/objc/ for more
information.
3. Objective-C preprocessor issues
3.1 What's the syntax for comments ?
The Objective-C preprocessor usually supports two styles of comments :
// this is a BCPL-style comment (extends to end of line)
and
/* this is a C-style comment */
3.2 How do I include the root class ?
On Stepstone and the POC, the header file to include is :
<Object.h>
On GNU cc and Apple cc, it's :
<objc/Object.h>
The root class is located in a directory called runtime for the
Stepstone compiler, and in a directory called objcrt for the POC, but
because of implicit -I options passed on to the preprocessor, these
locations are automatically searched.
3.3 What is #import ?
It's a C preprocessor construct to avoid multiple inclusions of the
same file.
#import <Object.h>
is an alternative to
#include <Object.h>
where the .h file is protected itself against multiple inclusions :
#ifndef _OBJECT_H_
...
#define _OBJECT_H_
#endif
3.4 Why am I lectured about using #import ?
The GNU Objective-C compiler emits a warning when you use #import
because some people find using #import poor style. You can turn off
the warning by using the -Wno-import option, you could modify the
compiler source code and set the variable warn_import (in the file
cccp.c) or you could convert your code to use pairs of #ifndef and
#endif, as shown above, which makes your code work with all compilers.
4. Object datatype (id)
4.1 What is id ?
It's a generic C type that Objective-C uses for an arbitrary object.
For example, a static function that takes one object as argument and
returns an object, could be declared as :
static id myfunction(id argument) { ... }
4.2 What is the difference between self and super ?
self is a variable that refers to the object that received a message
in a method implementation. super refers to the same variable, but
directs the compiler to use a method implementation from the
superclass.
Using pseudo-code, where copy (from super) is the syntax for the copy
implementation of the superclass, the following are equivalent :
myObject = [super copy];
and,
myObject = [self copy (from super)]; // pseudo-code
4.3 What is @defs() ?
It's a compiler directive to get access to the internal memory layout
of instances of a particular class.
typedef struct { @defs(MyClass) } *TMyClass;
defines a C-type TMyClass with a memory layout that is the same as
that of MyClass instances.
5. Message selectors (SEL)
5.1 What is a SEL ?
It's the C type of a message selector; it's often defined as a
(uniqued) string of characters (the name of the method, including
colons), but not all compilers define the type as such.
5.2 What is perform: doing ?
perform: is a message to send a message, identified by its message
selector (SEL), to an object.
5.3 How do I know the SEL of a given method ?
If the name of the method is known at compile time, use @selector :
[myObject perform:@selector(close)];
At runtime, you can lookup the selector by a runtime function that
takes the name of the message as argument, as in :
SEL mySel = selUid(name); // for Stepstone
SEL mySel = sel_getUid(name); // for Apple
SEL mySel = sel_get_any_uid(name); // for GNU Objective C
SEL mySel = selUid(name); // for POC
6. Implementation pointers (IMP)
6.1 What is an IMP ?
It's the C type of a method implementation pointer, a function pointer
to the function that implements an Objective-C method. It is defined
to return id and takes two hidden arguments, self and _cmd :
typedef id (*IMP)(id self,SEL _cmd,...);
6.2 How do I get an IMP given a SEL ?
This can be done by sending a methodFor: message :
IMP myImp = [myObject methodFor:mySel];
6.3 How do I send a message given an IMP ?
By dereferencing the function pointer. The following are all
equivalent :
[myObject myMessage];
or
IMP myImp = [myObject methodFor:@selector(myMessage)];
myImp(myObject,@selector(myMessage));
or
[myObject perform:@selector(myMessage)];
6.4 How can I use IMP for methods returning double ?
For methods that return a C type such as double instead of id, the IMP
function pointer is casted from pointer to a function returning id to
pointer to a function returning double :
double aDouble = ((double (*) (id,SEL))myImp)(self,_cmd);
6.5 Can I use perform: for a message returning double ?
No. The method perform: is for sending messages returning id without
any other argument. Use perform:with: if the message returns id and
takes one argument. Use methodFor: for the general case of any number
of arguments and any return type.
7. Copying objects
7.1 What's the difference between copy and deepCopy ?
copy is intented to make a bytecopy of the object, sharing pointers
with the original, and can be overridden to copy additional memory.
deepCopy is intented to make a copy that doesn't share pointers with
the original. A deep copy of an object contains copies of its instance
variables, while a plain copy is normally just a copy at the first
level.
8. Objective-C and C++
8.1 How can I link a C++ library into an Objective-C program ?
You have two options : either use the Apple compiler or use the POC.
The former accepts a mix of C++ and Objective-C syntax (called
Objective-C++), the latter compiles Objective-C into C and then
compiles the intermediate code with a C++ compiler. See the compiler
specific questions for more information.
9. Messages
9.1 How do I make a static method ?
Methods are always implemented in Objective-C as static functions. The
only way to obtain the IMP (implementation pointer) of a method is
through the runtime (via methodFor: and friends), because the function
itself is static to the file that implements the method.
9.2 How do I prevent an object from sending a given message ?
You can't. If your object responds to a message, any other class can
send this message. You could add an extra argument sender and check,
as in :
- mymethod:sender
{
if ([sender isKindOf:..]) ...
}
But this still requires cooperation of the sender, to use a correct
argument :
[anObject mymethod:self];
9.3 Do I have to recompile everything if I change the implementation of a
method ?
No, you only have to recompile the implementation of the method
itself. Files that only send that particular messages do not have to
be recompiled because Objective-C has dynamic binding.
10. Instance and Class Variables
10.1 Do I have to recompile everything if I change instance variables of a
class ?
You have to recompile that class, all of its subclasses, and those
files that use @defs() or use direct access to the instance variables
of that class. In short, using @defs() to access instance variables,
or accessing instance variables through subclassing, breaks the
encapsulation that the Objective-C runtime normally provides for all
other files (the files that you do not have to recompile).
11. Objective-C and X-Windows
11.1 How do I include X Intrinsics headers into an Objective-C file ?
To avoid a conflict between Objective-C's Object and the X11/Object,
do the following :
#include <Object.h>
#define Object XtObject
#include <X11/Intrinsic.h>
#include <X11/IntrinsicP.h>
#undef Object
12. Stepstone Specific Questions
12.1 How do I allocate an object on the stack ?
To allocate an instance of 'MyClass' on the stack :
MyClass aClass = [MyClass new];
13. GNU Objective-C Specific Questions
13.1 Why do I get a 'floating point exception' ?
This used to happen on some platforms and is described at
ftp://ftp.ics.ele.tue.nl/pub/users/tiggr/objc/README.387. A solution
was to add -lieee to the command line, so that an invalid floating
point operation in the runtime did not send a signal. DJGPP users can
consult http://www.delorie.com/djgpp/v2faq/. AIX users may want to
consult http://world.std.com/~gsk/oc-rs6000-problems.html. In some
cases, you can fix the problem by upgrading to a more recent version
of the GNU Objective-C runtime and/or compiler.
14. Apple Objective-C Specific Questions
14.1 What's the class of a constant string ?
It's an NXConstantString.
NXConstantString *myString = @"my string";
14.2 How can I link a C++ library into an Objective-C program ?
c++ -c file.m
c++ file.o -lcpluslib -o myprogram
15. Portable Object Compiler Objective-C Specific Questions
15.1 What's the syntax for class variables ?
List the class variables after the instance variables, and group them
together in the same way as instance variables, as follows :
@implementation MyClass : Object { id ivar1; int ivar2; } : { id cvar1; }
@end
15.2 How do I forward messages ?
You have to implement doesNotUnderstand: to send a sentTo: message.
- doesNotUnderstand:aMsg
{
return [aMsg sentTo:aProxy];
}
15.3 How can I link a C++ library into an Objective-C program ?
objc -c -cplus file.m
objc -cplus file.o -lcpluslib -o myprogram
16. Books and further reading
16.1 Object-Oriented Programming : An Evolutionary Approach, 2nd Ed.
Brad Cox & Andy Novobilski, ISBN 0201548348.
16.2 An Introduction To Object-Oriented Programming, 2nd Ed.
Timothy Budd, ISBN 0201824191
16.3 Objective-C : Object-Oriented Programming Techniques
Pinson, Lewis J. / Wiener, Richard S., ISBN 0201508281
16.4 Applications of Object-Oriented Programming; C++ SmallTalk Actor
Objective-C Object PASCAL
Pinson, Lewis J. / Wiener, Richard S., ISBN 0201503697
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