Archive-name: unix-faq/shell/hush-faq Submitted-by: Jacco van Ossenbruggen <jrvosse@cs.vu.nl> Version: 1.0a6 Last-modified: Fri May 30 10:04:16 MET DST 1997 URL: http://www.cs.vu.nl/~hush/FAQ/ This article contains answers to Frequently Asked Questions about hush (an object-oriented hyper utility shell -- see the answer to question 1.1 for a short overview). Please send any comments or suggestions to <hush@cs.vu.nl>. Address information: hush is developed by: Anton Eliens Email: <eliens@cs.vu.nl> FAQ maintained by: Jacco van Ossenbruggen Email: <jrvosse@cs.vu.nl> Postal Address: Vrije Universiteit Fac. of Mathematics and Computer Sciences De Boelelaan 1081a 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands This article is provided as is without any express or implied warranties. While every effort has been taken to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in this article, the contributors assume no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein. The latest version of this FAQ is available from <URL:http://www.cs.vu.nl/~hush/FAQ/>. This FAQ is divided in the following chapters: 1. General information and availability 2. Building hush 3. hush extensions 4. Script programming in hush 5. C++ Programming in hush 6. Compiling and Running hush applications To find the start of a particular chapter, search for the chapter number followed by a dot and a space at the beginning of a line (e.g. to find chapter 4 in vi, type /^4\. /). Here's an overview of the questions per chapter: 1. General information and availability 1.1. Q. What is hush? 1.2. Q. Why is it called hush? 1.3. Q. How do I obtain a copy of the hush source? 1.4. Q. How do I get documentation on hush? 1.5. Q. Are there other ftp sites that mirror the hush distribution? 1.6. Q. Is there a newsgroup or mailing list devoted to hush? 1.7. Q. Is there a WWW page devoted to hush? 1.8. Q. Is the hush documentation available on the WWW? 1.9. Q. Is there a book on hush, or will there be one out soon? 1.10. Q. Are there any published articles about hush that I can quote? 1.11. Q. Has hush been used outside your own institute? 2. Building hush 2.1. Q. On what platforms has hush successfully been installed? 2.2. Q. What compiler do I need to compile hush? 2.3. Q. Which version of Tcl/Tk do I need? 2.4. Q. What are resource.mk, install.mk, lib.mk etc? 2.5. Q. Why do I get those Xpm related errors during linking? 2.6. Q. Can I link BSD-ish software (like ucblib) with hush on my non-BSD platform? 3. hush extensions 3.1. Q. Can I use hush in combination with any extensions to Tcl/Tk? 3.2. Q. Are there any other extensions to hush? 3.3. Q. What is the video-widget? 3.4. Q. What is the web-widget? 3.5. Q. What is hymne? 3.6. Q. What is sim? 4. Script programming in hush 4.1. Q. What is Tcl/Tk? 4.2. Q. Can I use interpreted programs (scripts) with hush? 4.3. Q. How do make my scripts independent of the location of the interpreter? 4.4. Q. How do I open a new window? 4.5. Q. How do I convert screen coordinates to canvas coordinates? 4.6. Q. Why do my "ButtonRelease" bindings not work? 4.7. Q. Why does the Tcl "glob" function returns corrupted filenames? 4.8. Q. How do I apply (GIF) images in my hush scripts? 4.9. Q. How can I load images once and use them many times? 4.10. Q. How do I apply transparent GIF images in my hush scripts? 5. C++ Programming in hush 5.1. Q. What does a typical hush main program look like? 5.2. Q. Why do I need handlers? 5.3. Q. What about garbage collection? 5.4. Q. I created a new toplevel window. How do I confine all keyboard and mouse events to this new window? 5.5. Q. How do I apply (GIF) images in C++ code? 5.6. Q. How can I load images once and use them many times? 5.7. Q. I have bound a handler to a button widget. Why is the handler::operator()() still called if the button is pressed, __even__ after disabling the button? 5.8. Q. I have just inserted some text in my text widget. How do I make it scroll to the place the text is inserted so the new text becomes visable? 5.9. Q. What is that dashed line at the top of my menus, and how do I make it disappear? 5.10. Q. How do I convert X-keycodes to ASCII without using Xlib directly. 5.11. Q. How do I wait for (socket) IO without blocking the X main loop? 6. Compiling and Running hush applications 6.1. Q. Why does the compiler complain about declaring/creating a button object? 6.2. Q. Why does g++ complain about the use of widget::handler(...) ? To find a particular question, search for the question number followed by a dot, a space, and a Q at the beginning of a line (e.g. to find question 4.2 in vi, type /^4\.2\. Q/). 1. General information and availability ======================================= 1.1. Q. What is hush? A. The standard interpreter associated with the hush library is a shell, called hush, including a number of the available extensions of Tcl/Tk and widgets developed by ourselves (such as a www and a video widget). The hush library offers a C++ interface to the Tcl/Tk toolkit and its extensions. It allows the programmer to employ the functionality of Tcl/Tk in a C++ program. Moreover, a program created with hush is itself an interpreter extending the hush interpreter (and wish). The hush library is explicitly intended to support the needs of both novice and experienced window programmers. Its C++ class interface should suffice for most applications, yet it allows for employing Tcl script code when more is demanded. The contribution of hush with respect to the Tcl/Tk toolkit is essentially that it provides a type-secure solution for connecting Tcl and C++ code. As an additional advantage, the hush library allows the programmer to employ inheritance for the development of possibly compound widgets. In particular, it provides the means to define composite widgets that behave as the standard Tk widgets. hush has been developed by Anton Eliens, with contributions from Dirk Bolier, Matthijs van Doorn, Jacco van Ossenbruggen, Bastiaan Schonhage, Cees Visser and Martijn van Welie. 1.2. Q. Why is it called hush? A. Hush stands for Hyper Utility SHell. In the future, hush should offer a full-fledged component-based, multi-paradigm object-oriented hypermedia programming environment. hush! 1.3. Q. How do I obtain a copy of the hush source? A. The latest complete hush source distribution is always available by anonymous ftp, e.g. <URL:ftp://ftp.cs.vu.nl/pub/hush/hush-2.0.tar.Z>. It is a compressed tar file containing the complete C++/Tcl source, documentation, example programs, and several useful pieces of freely distributable software. The distribution in this directory is still experimental. It may be freely used for education and research only. A newer beta relaease is at <URL:ftp://ftp.cs.vu.nl/pub/hush/hush-3.0b1.4.tar.gz> which needs Tcl/Tk 8.0a2. Binaries for Solaris 2.5 are at <URL:ftp://ftp.cs.vu.nl/pub/eliens/hush/hush-solaris-3.0b1.3.tar.gz>. 1.4. Q. How do I get documentation on hush? A. The documentation is part of the source distribution. The latest version of the manuals are available on the WWW at <URL:http://www.cs.vu.nl/~hush/manuals>. 1.5. Q. Are there other ftp sites that mirror the hush distribution? A. Not yet. 1.6. Q. Is there a newsgroup or mailing list devoted to hush? A. Not yet. 1.7. Q. Is there a WWW page devoted to hush? A. Yes, <URL:http://www.cs.vu.nl/~hush/> is the official hush home page. 1.8. Q. Is the hush documentation available on the WWW? A. Yes, see <URL:http://www.cs.vu.nl/~hush/> (hush' home page). It contains pointers to hypertext versions of the whole documentation set (as hypertext, not just PostScript). The latest version of the manuals are available on the WWW at <URL:http://www.cs.vu.nl/~hush/manuals/>. 1.9. Q. Is there a book on hush, or will there be one out soon? A. Not really. However, chapter 12 of the following book is largely devoted to hush: Principles of Object-Oriented Software Development A. Eliens Addison-Wesley (ISBN 0-201-62444-3) 1995 1.10. Q. Are there any published articles about hush that I can quote? A. So far the only refereed and published article that describes hush in detail is: Hush: A C++ API for Tcl/Tk A. Eliens The X Resource, Nr 14 (pages 111-155) April 1995 The discrete event simulation library is described in: Sim --- a C++ library for discrete event simulation D. Bolier and A. Eliens Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam , Techreport IR-367, November 1994 <URL:http://www.cs.vu.nl/~eliens/sim/> The web-widget is described in: Integrating Applications and the World Wide Web M.A.B. van Doorn and A. Eliens In: Computer Networks and ISDN Systems Proceedings of the Third International World-Wide Web Conference April 10-14 1995, Darmstadt, Germany (pages 1105-1110) <URL:http://www.cs.vu.nl/~dejavu/papers/Darmstadt95/> The hymne library is described in: Music in Time-based Hypermedia J.R. van Ossenbruggen and A. Eliens In: ECHT'94 The European Conference on Hypermedia Technology (pages 224-270) September 1994 <URL:http://www.cs.vu.nl/~jrvosse/Papers/echt94/html/> 1.11. Q. Has hush been used outside your own institute? A. Yes. Several people outside our university use hush. You can read some comments of hush users at <URL:http://www.cs.vu.nl/~eliens/hush/comments-hush.html> 2. Building hush ================ 2.1. Q. On what platforms has hush successfully been installed? A. hush runs on Solaris 2.X, SunOS 4.X and Linux. On other platforms, hush has not been tested yet. We are interested if you run hush on another platform. It should be possible to port hush to any platform running Tcl/Tk. At the moment, an experimental port to Windows 3.11 / Windows 95 / Windows-NT of hush is available. See the latest beta release of hush 3.0 for more information. 2.2. Q. What compiler do I need to compile hush? A. At the moment, hush compiles with GNU g++ (version > 2.5.8) and Sun's C++ compiler CC (version > SC3.0.1 02 Mar 1995). We are interested if you have successfully built hush with other C++ compilers. 2.3. Q. Which version of Tcl/Tk do I need? A. The standard distribution contains a copy of Tcl7.4 and Tk4.0. Hush 3.0 will be based on Tcl/Tk 8.0. 2.4. Q. What are resource.mk, install.mk, lib.mk etc? A. These files are included by the Makefiles. We are trying to find a way to be able to change the resources without updating all the Makefiles in the source directory tree. This may improve in the future. Suggestions welcome. The main problem is the huge amount of third party software used by the hush package. While compiling hush (or a hush application), one need the specify the directories where the various include files are located, the directories of all the libraries, which libraries should be linked etc, etc. This is not trivial at all... 2.5. Q. Why do I get those Xpm related errors during linking? A. This will not happen with the new versions of hush (>= 1.7) hush 1.5 used the pixmap extension to Tk. So you have to link the Xpm library to, otherwise you will get not defined messages of: _XpmCreateDataFromPixmap _XpmWriteFileFromPixmap _XpmCreatePixmapFromData _XpmReadFileToPixmap _XpmFreeAttributes Newer versions of hush use the build-in image support of Tk and the Xpm library is no longer supported. See question 4.7 and question 5.4 2.6. Q. Can I link BSD-ish software (like ucblib) with hush on my non-BSD platform? A. Yes. However, we have experienced some troubles. In particular, the Tcl "glob" command returns corrupted filenames. Seems that the implementation uses a function (fstat?) defined by both the C library and the BSD library, and picks the wrong one (BSD). We solved the problem by explicit linking of the C lib __before__ the BSD libs. E.g. on Solaris we define: SYSTEMLIBS = -R/usr/openwin/lib -L/usr/openwin/lib \ -lX11 -lm -lc -lucb 3. hush extensions =================== 3.1. Q. Can I use hush in combination with any extensions to Tcl/Tk? A. Yes. We use hush in combination with the following packages: 3ditems, TkSteal-3.3, blt-1.7, expect-4.5, graph-1.0, itcl-1.3, minterp, photo-2.3, tcl-dp2.0 and tree-3.3. 3.2. Q. Are there any other extensions to hush? A. Yes. You may use the video-widget, the web widget, the hymne library and the sim library. 3.3. Q. What is the video-widget? A. With the video widget, you can display video files in your hush application's interface. At the moment, only (black and white) MPEG is supported, but a new video widget will be out this summer. The new widget will support full color MPEG, QuickTime and many more other formats as well. 3.4. Q. What is the web-widget? A. The hush web-widget provides for a two-way integration of the World Wide Web with your application. First, the widget behaves as a graphical WWW browser. Secondly, it allows HTML-pages to contain embedded Tcl-commands, enabling highly interactive and dynamic WWW-pages. For instance, you may use an embedded video widget to have in-line video player in your HTML pages. See also <URL:http://www.cs.vu.nl/~dejavu/papers/Darmstadt95/>. Currently, a new SGML version of the web widget is being developed. It is based on James Clark's SGML parser SP. 3.5. Q. What is hymne? A. Hymne provides a flexible C++ class interface to Csound. The hymne class library offers a C++ API to Csound. Csound is a Software Sound Synthesis (SWSS) package. SWSS involves the generation of digital audio samples. Csound runs real-time on a SPARC, so applications can use music without having to use (large) pre-recorded samples. One can synthesize music from Tcl scripts by using a hush interpreter with the hymne extension. See also <URL:http://www.cs.vu.nl/~jrvosse/papers/echt94/html/>. Currently, we are developing a MIDI-based sound C/S package for hush. 3.6. Q. What is sim? A. Sim is a C++ library for discrete event simulation. The sim library supports both an event and process-oriented approach to developing simulations. Events as well as entities (which may be considered as objects in the simulation combining several related events and having an additional phase signifying episodes in its life-time) are provided as abstract classes that must be refined by the application programmer to define the actual events and entities participating in the simulation. The sim library is integrated with the hush library, thus offering powerful graphic and animation facilities. However, the sim library may also be used independently, on both Unix and MS-DOS platforms. The notion of 'event' in the discrete event simulation library and the window environment event are fully integrated in hush. See also <URL:http://www.cs.vu.nl/~eliens/sim/sim.html> 4. Script programming in hush =============================== 4.1. Q. What is Tcl/Tk? A. The hush kernel provides a flexible C++ interface to Tcl/Tk. Tcl is a cshell-like (interpreted) script language that may be embedded in C or C++. Tk is a window and graphics toolkit based on X11, partly implemented in Tcl and partly in C. Tk offers numerous widgets, including a powerful canvas and text widget. Moreover, the Tcl scripting language allows the user to rapidly prototype rather complex graphical user interfaces by writing Tcl scripts. These scripts may be executed by using wish, the windowing shell interpreter that comes with Tk. Despite being based on Tcl, the performance of Tk (and wish) is comparable with (and in some respects even better than) C or C++ based toolkits. The Tcl/Tk toolkit has become very popular in a rather short period of time. For more information, see <URL:http://www.x.co.uk/of_interest/tcl/Tcl.html> or check out the Tcl FAQ at <URL:http://route.psg.com/tcl.html> or <URL:news:news.answers>. See <URL:ftp://ftp.slac.stanford.edu/software/TkMail/tkref-4.0.1.tar.gz> for a Quick Reference Card package, or a PostScript version at <URL:http://www.cs.vu.nl/~hush/documents/refguide.ps>. Manpages are also available from <URL:http://www.elf.org/tcltk-man-html/contents.html>. 4.2. Q. Can I use interpreted programs (scripts) with hush? A. Yes. Every hush application is a (extended) version of the Tcl/Tk windowing shell (wish) by default. As a result, you can use such applications as a interpreter for your Tcl/Tk scripts. Additionally, you can use the kit::source(filename) member to evaluate Tcl/Tk scripts in your C++ program. In these scripts, you can use plain Tcl/Tk and all extra commands you defined in your hush application. In the future, hush might support Python (<URL:http://www.python.org/>) and Scheme scripts as well. 4.3. Q. How do make my scripts independent of the location of the interpreter? A. Use Unix' env(1) to call the first matching interpreter in your PATH. E.g: #!/bin/env hush puts "Hello world" instead of: #!/some/local/and/often/changing/path/hush puts "Hello world" 4.4. Q. How do I open a new window? A. Use the toplevel widget. 4.5. Q. How do I convert screen coordinates to canvas coordinates? A. As long as your canvas does not have scrollbars, you will probably have no problem. As soon as you have adjusted the view of the canvas using x- or yview (usually via scrollbars), you will notice that the canvas coordinates differ from screen coordinates as returned by window events. Use the canvasx and canvasy commands to solve the problem. They map from screen coordinates to canvas coordinates. In a Tcl procedure bound to a mouse event, you can use something like: set posX [.c canvasx %x] set posY [.c canvasy %y] (thanks to Christopher Herringshaw <xxviper@umich.edu>) The hush canvas widget class features automatic conversion from window coordinates to canvas coordinates. As a consequence, drawing a point on (10,20) on a canvas which has been scrolled over a vector (100,200), results in drawing a point on (10+100, 20+200). However, since some users prefer to do this calculation themselves (using canvasx() and canvasy()), the latest hush version will have a canvas widget which provides an extra member function to switch this feature on and off. enum { window_coords, canvas_coords }; // window_coords is default void coordsystem(int); int coordsystem() const; If you set coordsystem(canvas::window_coords), which is the default, the canvas expects window coordinates, which will be transformed to canvas coordinates automatically. However, if you set coordsystem(canvas::canvas_coords), the canvas widget expects canvas coordinates and will do no further calculations. 4.6. Q. Why do my "ButtonRelease" bindings not work? A. This may be a bug in old Tcl/Tk versions. Workaround: use explicit button numbers. See <URL:http://www.cs.vu.nl/~hush/FAQ/examples/buttonrelease> for a Tcl example. 4.7. Q. Why does the Tcl "glob" function returns corrupted filenames? A. You are probably using BSD libraries (like ucb) as well. See question 2.6. Thanks to Sebastiaan A. Megens for reporting this bug. 4.8. Q. How do I apply (GIF) images in my hush scripts? A. Use the standard Tk image script command. See man image(n). See <URL:http://www.cs.vu.nl/~hush/FAQ/examples/image-tcl> for a Tcl example. 4.9. Q. How can I load images once and use them many times? A. Use the standard Tk image script command. See man image(n). See <URL:http://www.cs.vu.nl/~hush/FAQ/examples/image2-tcl> for a Tcl example. 4.10. Q. How do I apply transparent GIF images in my hush scripts? A. You don't :-( hush does not support transparency because Tk doesn't (yet). But ... you can change the transparent color of a GIF by setting the magic Tcl variable TRANSPARENT_GIF_COLOR. E.g: set TRANSPARENT_GIF_COLOR [.w cget -background] 5. C++ Programming in hush ========================== 5.1. Q. What does a typical hush main program look like? A. Typically, one defines a class, usually called "application", derived from the session class. One may override its "prelude" member function to provide for user-defined initializations. For instance, this is the place to initialize all extensions packages. The "main" member function can be used to set up the interface. Like most window toolkits, the main loop of the application is hidden in the library code, which is doing all the window-event dispatching. User-defined code is usually activated by the use of call-back-functions, or in the case of hush: by installing handlers. See <URL:http://www.cs.vu.nl/~hush/FAQ/examples/template.cc> for a template C++ main program. 5.2. Q. Why do I need handlers? A. In general, a user defined function activated by the call-back mechanism needs user-defined parameters. The type of those parameters is not known by the dispatching code doing the call-back. In other toolkits, this data usually is a parameter of type void* and needs to be casted by the application programmer to a pointer of the right type. The hush handler class solves this problem, and provides a type secure way to bind C++ code to events. By deriving a subclass from handler, a application programmer may activate it's own code by overiding the operator()() function. Any data can be stored (locally) within the data members of the object. No type casts are needed. 5.3. Q. What about garbage collection? A. See <URL:http://www.cs.vu.nl/~hush/tutorials/garbage/>. 5.4. Q. I created a new toplevel window. How do I confine all keyboard and mouse events to this new window? A. You can confine window events to any (mapped) widget subtree by using the widget::grab() member function. E.g: toplevel *t = new toplevel(".top"); tk->update(); // make sure window is mapped t->grab(); // Local grab t->grab("-global"); // Global grab - dangerous! t->grab("release"); // Release grab See the man-page of the Tcl/Tk grab command for more details (<URL:http://www.cs.vu.nl/~hush/manuals/mann/grab.html>). 5.5. Q. How do I apply (GIF) images in C++ code? A. Most widgets have an image() member. See <URL:http://www.cs.vu.nl/~hush/FAQ/examples/image.cc> for a C++ main program. 5.6. Q. How can I load images once and use them many times? A. Most widgets have an image() member. See <URL:http://www.cs.vu.nl/~hush/FAQ/examples/image2.cc> for a C++ example. 5.7. Q. I have bound a handler to a button widget. Why is the handler::operator()() still called if the button is pressed, __even__ after disabling the button? A. You probably bound the handler by using something like: abutton->bind("<ButtonPress>", ahandler, "some-argument"); which activates a general binding for widgets, and circumvents the special binding for buttons. Leave out the "ButtonPress" argument to fix this problem: abutton->bind(ahandler, "some-argument"); 5.8. Q. I have just inserted some text in my text widget. How do I make it scroll to the place the text is inserted so the new text becomes visable? A. Use the "see" command of the text widget in combination with the index of the first character of the newly inserted text. The insertion cursor is called "insert", so you have to use the index "insert linestart". See text(n) for details. Since the hush class interface to text does not provide a see() member (yet), use: text *t ... t->eval("see {insert linestart}"); tk->update(); // to be sure ... 5.9. Q. What is that dashed line at the top of my menus, and how do I make it disappear? A. The dashed line is a so-called "tear-off" entry, which makes a tear-off copy of the menu if it is invoked. You can prevent this by creating/configuring your menus with a "-tearoff false" option. 5.10. Q. How do I convert X-keycodes to ASCII without using Xlib directly. A. See the Tk bind(n) manual and example at <URL:http://www.cs.vu.nl/~hush/FAQ/examples/key.cc> 5.11. Q. How do I wait for (socket) IO without blocking the X main loop? A. You can use the kit->bind(int fd, handler*, int mask=readable) to bind a handler to a file descriptor. Its operator()() will be called by the system if there arrives readable data on fd. You can use alternative masks for other IO events. 6. Compiling and Running hush applications =========================================== In general: The color management of earlier Tcl/Tk versions are be the cause of many errors and core dumps. Killing color-intensive applications (such as Netscape!) may be worth the trouble ... 6.1. Q. Why does the compiler complain about declaring/creating a button object? A. This only happens if the declaration/creation occurs within the scope of a class derived from event. The button(...) member of event hides the button class. Note that the session class used to be derived from event, and the problem above often occured in a member of a class derived from session in older versions of hush (< 2.0). Solution: use global scoping (::), e.g. something like ::button* b = new ::button(".b"); 6.2. Q. Why does g++ complain about the use of widget::handler(...) ? A. We think (?) this is a bug in the GNU compiler (at least version 2.7.0 and earlier). Widget's member function "handler" hides the constructor of its base class, called "handler" as well... Solution: Use handler::bind(...) instead to work around this bug. Note: In the newer versions of hush, widget::handler(...) is no longer available. -- Jacco van Ossenbruggen Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science mailto:jrvosse@cs.vu.nl Vrije Universiteit, de Boelelaan 1081a http://www.cs.vu.nl/~jrvosse/ 1081 HV Amsterdam (fax: +31 20 44 47653)
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