                         skb->ihp->tos
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - >
     |                                                       |     ^
     | -- If you declare set_tc_index, we set DS             |     |  <-----May change
     |    value into skb->tc_index variable                  |     |O       DS field
     |                                                      A|     |R
   +-|-+      +------+    +---+-+    Internal   +-+     +---N|-----|----+
   | | |      | tc   |--->|   | |-->  . . .  -->| |     |   D|     |    |
   | | |----->|index |--->|   | |     Qdisc     | |---->|    v     |    |
   | | |      |filter|--->| | | +---------------+ |   ---->(mask,value) |
-->| O |      +------+    +-|-+--------------^----+  /  |  (.  ,  .)    |
   | | |          ^         |                |       |  |  (.  ,  .)    |
   | | +----------|---------|----------------|-------|--+  (.  ,  .)    |
   | | sch_dsmark |         |                |       |                  |
   +-|------------|---------|----------------|-------|------------------+
     |            |         | <- tc_index -> |       |
     |            |(read)   |    may change  |       |  <--------------Index to the
     |            |         |                |       |                    (mask,value)
     v            |         v                v       |                    pairs table
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ->
                         skb->tc_index

How to do marking? Just change the mask and value of the class you want to remark. See next line of code:
tc class change dev eth0 classid 1:1 dsmark mask 0x3 value 0xb8
This changes the (mask,value) pair in hash table, to remark packets belonging to class 1:1.You have to "change" this values because of default values that (mask,value) gets initially (see table below).

Now, we'll explain how TC_INDEX filter works and how fits into this. Besides, TCINDEX filter can be used in other configurations rather than those including DS services.

14.3.6. TC_INDEX Filter

This is the basic command to declare a TC_INDEX filter:
... tcindex [ hash SIZE ] [ mask MASK ] [ shift SHIFT ] [ pass_on | fall_through ] [ classid CLASSID ] [ police POLICE_SPEC ]
Next, we show the example used to explain TC_INDEX operation mode. Pay attention to bolded words: tc qdisc add dev eth0 handle 1:0 root dsmark indices 64 set_tc_index tc filter add dev eth0 parent 1:0 protocol ip prio 1 tcindex mask 0xfc shift 2 tc qdisc add dev eth0 parent 1:0 handle 2:0 cbq bandwidth 10Mbit cell 8 avpkt 1000 mpu 64 # EF traffic class tc class add dev eth0 parent 2:0 classid 2:1 cbq bandwidth 10Mbit rate 1500Kbit avpkt 1000 prio 1 bounded isolated allot 1514 weight 1 maxburst 10 # Packet fifo qdisc for EF traffic tc qdisc add dev eth0 parent 2:1 pfifo limit 5 tc filter add dev eth0 parent 2:0 protocol ip prio 1 handle 0x2e tcindex classid 2:1 pass_on (This code is not complete. It's just an extract from EFCBQ example included in iproute2 distribution).

First of all, suppose we receive a packet marked as EF . If you read RFC2598, you'll see that DSCP recommended value for EF traffic is 101110. This means that DS field will be 10111000 (remember that less significant bits in TOS byte are not used in DS) or 0xb8 in hexadecimal codification.

The packet arrives, then, set with 0xb8 value at DS field. As we explained before, dsmark qdisc identified by 1:0 id in the example, retrieves DS field and store it in skb->tc_index variable. Next step in the example will correspond to the filter associated to this qdisc (second line in the example). This will perform next operations:
Value1 = skb->tc_index & MASK Key = Value1 >> SHIFT

In the example, MASK=0xFC i SHIFT=2.
Value1 = 10111000 & 11111100 = 10111000 Key = 10111000 >> 2 = 00101110 -> 0x2E in hexadecimal

The returned value will correspond to a qdisc internal filter handle (in the example, identifier 2:0). If a filter with this id exists, policing and metering conditions will be verified (in case that filter includes this) and the classid will be returned (in our example, classid 2:1) and stored in skb->tc_index variable.

But if any filter with that identifier is found, the result will depend on fall_through flag declaration. If so, value key is returned as classid. If not, an error is returned and process continues with the rest filters. Be careful if you use fall_through flag; this can be done if a simple relation exists between values of skb->tc_index variable and class id's.

The latest parameters to comment on are hash and pass_on. The first one relates to hash table size. Pass_on will be used to indicate that if no classid equal to the result of this filter is found, try next filter. The default action is fall_through (look at next table).

Finally, let's see which possible values can be set to all this TCINDEX parameters:
TC Name Value Default ----------------------------------------------------------------- Hash 1...0x10000 Implementation dependent Mask 0...0xffff 0xffff Shift 0...15 0 Fall through / Pass_on Flag Fall_through Classid Major:minor None Police ..... None

This kind of filter is very powerful. It's necessary to explore all possibilities. Besides, this filter is not only used in DiffServ configurations. You can use it as any other kind of filter.

I recommend you to look at all DiffServ examples included in iproute2 distribution. I promise I will try to complement this text as soon as I can. Besides, all I have explained is the result of a lot of tests. I would thank you tell me if I'm wrong in any point.

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