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NAME

inet6 - Internet protocol family for Internet Protocol version 6
 

SYNOPSIS

#include <sys/types.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>

DESCRIPTION

The inet6 protocol family implements a collection of protocols that are centered around the Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) and share a common address format. The inet6 protocol family can be accessed using the socket interface, where it supports the SOCK_STREAM, SOCK_DGRAM, and SOCK_RAW socket types, or the Transport Level Interface (TLI), where it supports the connectionless (T_CLTS) and connection oriented (T_COTS_ORD) service types.  

PROTOCOLS

The Internet protocol family for IPv6 included the Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6), the Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP), the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMPv6), the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), and the User Datagram Protocol (UDP).

TCP supports the socket interface's SOCK_STREAM abstraction and TLI's T_COTS_ORD service type. UDP supports the SOCK_DGRAM socket abstraction and the TLI T_CLTS service type. See tcp(7P) and udp(7P). A direct interface to IPv6 is available using the socket interface. See ip6(7P). ICMPv6 is used by the kernel to handle and report errors in protocol processing. It is also accessible to user programs. See icmp6(7P). NDP is used to translate 128-bit IPv6 addresses into 48-bit Ethernet addresses.

IPv6 addresses come in three types: unicast, anycast, and multicast. A unicast address is an identifier for a single network interface. An anycast address is an identifier for a set of interfaces; a packet sent to an anycast address is delivered to the "nearest" interface identified by that address, pursuant to the routing protocol's measure of distance. A multicast address is an identifier for a set of interfaces; a packet sent to a multicast address is delivered to all interfaces identified by that address. There are no broadcast addresses as such in IPv6; their functionality is superseded by multicast addresses.

For IPv6 addresses, there are three scopes within which unicast addresses are guaranteed to be unique. The scope is indicated by the address prefix. The three varieties are link-local (the address is unique on that physical link), site-local (the address is unique within that site), and global (the address is globally unique).

The three highest order bits for global unicast addresses are set to 001. The ten highest order bits for site-local addresses are set to 1111 1110 11. The ten highest order bits for link-local addresses are set to 1111 1110 11. For multicast addresses, the eight highest order bits are set to 1111 1111. Anycast addresses have the same format as unicast addresses.

IPv6 addresses do not follow the concept of "address class" seen in IP.

A global unicast address is divided into the following segments:

o The first three bits are the Format Prefix identifying a unicast address.

o The next 13 bits are the Top-Level Aggregation (TLA) identifier. For example, the identifier could specify the ISP.

o The next eight bits are reserved for future use.

o The next 24 bits are the Next-Level Aggregation (NLA) identifier.

o The next 16 bits are the Site-Level Aggregation (SLA)        identifier.

o The last 64 bits are the interface ID. This will most often be the hardware address of the link in IEEE EUI-64 format.

Link-local unicast addresses are divided in this manner:

o The first ten bits are the Format Prefix identifying a link-local address.

o The next 54 bits are zero.

o The last 64 bits are the interface ID. This will most often be the hardware address of the link in IEEE EUI-64 format.

Site-local unicast addresses are divided in this manner:

o The first ten bits are the Format Prefix identifying a site-local address.

o The next 38 bits are zero.

o The next 16 bits are the subnet ID.

o The last 64 bits are the interface ID. This will most often be the hardware address of the link in IEEE EUI-64 format.

ADDRESSING

IPv6 addresses are sixteen byte quantities, stored in network byte order. The socket API uses the sockaddr_in6 structure when passing IPv6 addresses between an application and the kernel. The sockaddr_in6 structure has the following members:

sa_familty_t     sin6_family;
in_port_t        sin6_port;
uint32_t         sin6_flowinfo;
struct in6_addr  sin6_addr;
uint32_t         sin6_scope_id;
uint32_t         __sin6_src_id; 

Library routines are provided to manipulate structures of this form. See inet(3SOCKET).

The sin6_addr field of the sockaddr_in6 structure specifies a local or remote IPv6 address. Each network interface has one or more IPv6 addresses configured, that is, a link-local address, a site-local address, and one or more global unicast IPv6 addresses. The special value of all zeros may be used on this field to test for "wildcard" matching. Given in a bind(3SOCKET) call, this value leaves the local IPv6 address of the socket unspecified, so that the socket will receive connections or messages directed at any of the valid IPv6 addresses of the system. This can prove useful when a process neither knows nor cares what the local IPv6 address is, or when a process wishes to receive requests using all of its network interfaces.

The sockaddr_in6 structure given in the bind() call must specify an in6_addr value of either all zeros or one of the system's valid IPv6 addresses. Requests to bind any other address will elicit the error EADDRNOTAVAI. When a connect(3SOCKET) call is made for a socket that has a wildcard local address, the system sets the sin6_addr field of the socket to the IPv6 address of the network interface through which the packets for that connection are routed.

The sin6_port field of the sockaddr_in6 structure specifies a port number used by TCP or UDP. The local port address specified in a bind() call is restricted to be greater than IPPORT_RESERVED (defined in <netinet/in.h>) unless the creating process is running as the super-user, providing a space of protected port numbers. In addition, the local port address cannot be in use by any socket of the same address family and type. Requests to bind sockets to port numbers being used by other sockets return the error EADDRINUSE. If the local port address is specified as 0, the system picks a unique port address greater than IPPORT_RESERVED. A unique local port address is also selected when a socket which is not bound is used in a connect(3SOCKET) or sendto() call. See send(3SOCKET). This allows programs that do not care which local port number is used to set up TCP connections by simply calling socket(3SOCKET) and then connect(3SOCKET), and then sending UDP datagrams with a socket() call followed by a sendto() call.

Although this implementation restricts sockets to unique local port numbers, TCP allows multiple simultaneous connections involving the same local port number so long as the remote IPv6 addresses or port numbers are different for each connection. Programs may explicitly override the socket restriction by setting the SO_REUSEADDR socket option with setsockopt(). See getsockopt(3SOCKET).

In addition, the same port may be bound by two separate sockets if one is an IP socket and the other an IPv6 socket.

TLI applies somewhat different semantics to the binding of local port numbers. These semantics apply when Internet family protocols are used using the TLI.  

SOURCE ADDRESS SELECTION

IPv6 source address selection is done on a per destination basis, and utilizes a list of rules from which the best source address is selected from candidate addresses. The candidate set comprises a set of local addresses assigned on the system which are up and not anycast. If just one candidate exists in the candidate set, it is selected.

Conceptually, each selection rule prefers one address over another, or determines their equivalence. If a rule produces a tie, a subsequent rule is used to break the tie.

The sense of some rules may be reversed on a per-socket basis using the IPV6_SRC_PREFERENCES socket option (see ip6(7P)). The flag values for this option are defined in <netinet/in.h> and are referenced in the description of the appropriate rules below.

As the selection rules indicate, the candidate addresses are SA and SB and the destination is D.

Prefer the same address

If SA == D, prefer SA. If SB == D, prefer SB.

Prefer appropriate scope

Here, Scope(X) is the scope of X according to the IPv6 Addressing Architecture.

If Scope(SA) < Scope(SB): If Scope(SA) < Scope(D), then prefer SB and otherwise prefer SA.

If Scope(SB) < Scope(SA): If Scope(SB) < Scope(D), then prefer SA and otherwise prefer SB.

Avoid deprecated addresses

If one of the addresses is deprecated (IFF_DEPRECATED) and the other is not, prefer the one that isn't deprecated.

Prefer preferred addresses

If one of the addresses is preferred (IFF_PREFERRED) and the other is not, prefer the one that is preferred.

Prefer outgoing interface

If one of the addresses is assigned to the interface that will be used to send packets to D and the other is not, then prefer the former.

Prefer matching label

This rule uses labels which are obtained through the IPv6 default address selection policy table. See ipaddrsel(1M) for a description of the default contents of the table and how the table is configured.

If Label(SA) == Label(D) and Label(SB) != Label(D), then prefer SA.

If Label(SB) == Label(D) and Label(SA) != Label(D), then prefer SB.

Prefer public addresses

This rule prefers public addresses over temporary addresses, as defined in RFC 3041. Temporary addresses are disabled by default and may be enabled by appropriate settings in ndpd.conf(4).

The sense of this rule may be set on a per-socket basis using the IPV6_SRC_PREFERENCES socket option. Passing the flag IPV6_PREFER_SRC_TMP or IPV6_PREFER_SRC_PUBLIC will cause temporary or public addresses to be preferred, respectively, for that particular socket. See ip6(7P) for more information about IPv6 socket options.

Use longest matching prefix.

This rule prefers the source address that has the longer matching prefix with the destination. Because this is the last rule and because both source addresses could have equal matching prefixes, this rule does an xor of each source address with the destination, then selects the source address with the smaller xor value in order to break any potential tie.

If SA ^ D < SB ^ D, then prefer SA.

If SB ^ D < SA ^ D, then prefer SB.

Applications can override this algorithm by calling bind(3SOCKET) and specifying an address.  

SEE ALSO

ioctl(2), bind(3SOCKET), connect(3SOCKET), getipnodebyaddr(3SOCKET), getipnodebyname(3SOCKET),getprotobyname(3SOCKET), getservbyname(3SOCKET), getsockopt(3SOCKET), inet(3SOCKET), send(3SOCKET), icmp6(7P), ip6(7P), tcp(7P), udp(7P)

Conta, A. and Deering, S., Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMPv6) for the Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) Specification, RFC 1885, December 1995.

Deering, S. and Hinden, B., Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6) Specification, RFC 1883, December 1995.

Hinden, B. and Deering, S., IP Version 6 Addressing Architecture, RFC 1884, December 1995.

Draves, R., RFC 3484, Default Address Selection for IPv6. The Internet Society. February 2003.

Narten, T., and Draves, R. RFC 3041, Privacy Extensions for Stateless Address Autoconfiguration in IPv6. The Internet Society. January 2001.  

NOTES

The IPv6 support is subject to change as the Internet protocols develop. Users should not depend on details of the current implementation, but rather the services exported.

Index

NAME

SYNOPSIS

DESCRIPTION

PROTOCOLS

ADDRESSING

SOURCE ADDRESS SELECTION

SEE ALSO

NOTES

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